The Aerodynamics Of A Bikerider

There are two main reasons why you are not travelling with 100 km/h when you are riding on your bike. One of these is rolling resistance, but the other by far the biggest factor, is the drag you are experiencing due to the wind resistance. This force increases exponentially with your speed, where the rolling resistance on your tires only increases linearly. Therefore, as the speed increases, the wind resistance becomes a bigger and bigger factor compared to the rolling resistance.

So yes, aerodynamics is a very important factor in the world of cycling. That is why we are seeing pro’s having drop-shaped helmets and special time trial bars, making their wind resistance as low as possible. The tight lycra clothes all riders are using is also helping on lowering the wind resistance. Loose clothes will be like having a parachute slowing you down.
One of the newest trends are road frames, that are becoming more and more aerodynamic, trying to save you a few Watts of effect. Just look on the Scott Foil we reviewed last year. That frame would save you 10 Watts at 45 km/h compared to a standard frame. 10 Watts would for the average rider be about 5 % of your output, and these 5 % could make you go from a position outside top 10 in any race, to a podium place – maybe even a win.

But not many understands the physics behind aerodynamics, so I will try to help sorting this out, so you will understand how to become as slippery as an eal and gain some strength for the final sprint compared to the rest of the peloton. This can be done in just a very few equations, and does not demand much knowledge behind the theory. It is rather simple actually.

First off, there is the drag force, which is what we also can call the wind resistance. It is presented as:

This is the general equation we are using when speaking of the drag you are experiencing in the wind. The different factors in it are described below:

• - F_D is the force of drag. You will feel that force as the wind resistance. This force is measured in Newton [N].
• - ρ is the Greek letter of “Rho”. This is the density of the material you are in, which for us bike riders will be “air”. This value changes slightly with the        temperature. As the temperature rises, the value will be lowered, which means, that you will be quicker, with the same power output, on hot summer    days, compared to cold temperatures at Winter. – But lets come back to that. Below here is a table with the density of air at relevant different temperatures:
  
  
•  

Temperature (degree Celsius)	Density (ρ) (1 Atm) [kg/m3]
-10	1,341
0	1,292
5	1,269
10	1,246
15	1,225
20	1,204
25	1,184
30	1,164
35	1,145
40	1,127
45	1,109

• - V is the velocity you are travelling in. The velocity is measured in meters per second [m/s].
• - C_D is the drag coefficient. This factor is hard to find, unless you know the force of the drag you are experiencing, so there are a few static numbers we will be able to work with. These are in the table below.
• A is the frontal area of you and your bike. It is hard to measure this, so I have gathered a few numbers in the same table below along with the drag coefficient.

Bike position	Drag coefficient (CD)	Frontal area (A) [m2]
Upright on the bars/hoods	1,1	0,51
In the drops	0,9	0,36
In the drops while pacing	0,5	0,36

This drag force is what we want lowered in order to gain more speed with the same power output. As you can see, every time you double your speed, the wind resistance has increased 4 times. But there is more to it. The drag you are experiencing is not the power you need to put in the pedal. The power output needed is:

In this simple equation the three variables are:

• - Power. It is measured in Watt [W].
• - F_D is the drag force, which I mentioned before. It is measured in Newton [N] just like before.
• - V is the velocity. Still measured in meters per second [m/s].

What this equation really tells is, that if you want to find out what your power output needed is, is:

Suddenly it is V³, which means, that every time you double your speed, the necessary power output needed will need to be 8 times greater (!) if you want to

keep that speed up. The rolling resistance in the tires is also doubled, but that is nothing compared to the wind resistance you suddenly are experiencing.

Calculations of examples

Lets do some few experiments then. Lets imagine it’s a nice day with 20 degree Celsius, and you are riding with a speed of 30 km/h (8,33 m/s) on a day where there is absolutely no wind at all. How much would you gain by being in the drops instead of the hoods, and how much would pacing another rider in front of you help you?

Well, we will use equation number 3 to calculate this. It is actually just to put in the numbers. Rho can be found in the first table above. If you don’t know how to convert km/h to m/s, just divide by 3,6. If you want to go from m/s to km/h, multiply with 3,6.

When you have calculated it, you will have found out, that if you are having you hands in the hoods, you would have to put 195,4 Watts in the pedals. This is the power output needed just because of the wind resistance. Rolling resistance, loss in the bike, etc. will make this value greater, remember that. So in reality, doing 30 km/h demands more energy than 195 Watts.

If you are in the drops though, it would be just 112,9 Watts. You can see this by just changing the frontal area and the drag coefficient with values from the 2^nd table above. That is a total of 82,5 Watts saved, which means that the necessary power output of yours suddenly has decreased by a massive 42 %!

Lets try to see how much speed we will end up on, before we will experience the same power output needed in the drops, as when the hands are in the hoods. Here our variable would be the velocity (V), so equation 3 can be transferred to this:

If we put in the numbers, we will get, that the velocity you can achieve with the same power output in the drops as in the heads, will suddenly be 10 m/s, which is 36 km/h. So on paper you should now be able to ride 6 km/h faster by just changing the position of your hand! But remember, we aren’t taking notice of the other factors here. If they were calculated into this, they would eat up difference in your power output up faster, and you will only be able to gain 1-2 km/h by this change in reality. But that is still something that can make you a winner if you are in a break away.

If you are two or more riders in a breakaway riding in a line, you would be able to get even more speed for the same power. If you are pacing another guy you will suddenly find yourself only using 62,7 Watts to ride 30 km/h. That means that you will hit 195 Watts when you are riding 43,8 km/h!. So the drag of being in the hoods doing 30 km/h equals being in the drops, while pacing just a single rider in front of you, while doing almost 44 km/h! Of course the real value would be less due to the other factors. But between 35 and 40 km/h would be a good guess. That is why pacing is great and you can go faster and further in a group than alone.

Earlier I mentioned that the density of the air is changing with the temperature. Well, if you were riding in 10 degrees Celsius, with the hands placed in the hoods, you would need to have a power output of 202 Watts in order to maintain that speed. Compared to 20 degrees Celsius, you will suddenly need to put in 6,6 Watt more. That is an increase of 3,3 %. So if you want to make any new speed record, do it on the hottest day of the year if you want to lower your drag. But of course it will be a torture to do it in 30 degrees Celsius.

I hope you have understand the principle of drag better now, and that you can make your own calculations. It does make it more fun when you can use your own numbers and see how much power you had to put in the pedals in order to maintain a certain pace. Also, try to ride with the hands in hoods, and then do the exact same route with the hands in the drops afterwards. You probably will feel faster on the 2^nd run with the more aerodynamic position.

As for certain parts of the bike, I have already earlier written an article on why you should focus on buying good tires before spending money on wheels in order to become faster. You can read that article by clicking here.

All numbers above comes from fourth edition of “Thermal-Fluid Sciences” written by Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, and Robert H. Turner. ISBN number is 978-007-132511-0.

Written by René

Read more: http://www.cyclingtipsonline.com/news/the-aerodynamics-of-a-bike-rider/

Just A Single Workout Will Benefit You

First of all, if you want to achieve the best life-extending, sleep-promoting, obesity-thrwarting and heart-protecting benefits of exercise, you will need to do some regular activity. In fact, about 2,5 hours a week of exercise to achieve this. In these 2,5 hours there should be both moderate intensity aerobic activity, but also some strength-training sessions to help you gain a greater musclemass.

But exercise is also one of those cases where just a bit of training is better than nothing at all. So be proud of every single workout because it can change a lot in your body. Yes, every single workout will do that actually.

Your DNA will change

Swedish researchers found out that among healthy but inactive adults, just minutes of extra exercise would change their genetic material in the muscle cells.  So yes, you inherit your DNA from your parents, but your lifestyle choices also affects your DNA to either the positive or negative side, depending on your choices. With exercise, it’s gene expression for strength and metabolism you can improve, already from workout one.

You will become happier and more positive minded

From the start of your workout your brain will release some different neutransmitters that will make you feel great. One of these is endorphins which are the explanation for the “runners high” syndrome, where you will feel like you are in your own little heaven. Also Serotonin will be produced in larger amounts when exercising. Serotonin is known for playing a big role in your mood and higher levels for Serotonin can stop and/or weaken any depression you might have.

Stop Diabetes!

One of the big healthrisks that just seems to grow uncontrollably is Diabetes. It is often something that follows with an unhealthy lifestyle, and with more and more TV, computer, etc. in our life, we, as a race, has become lazier and Diabetes is becoming one of the major health problems all around the planet.

But just like the changes in your DNA, small changes in how fat is metabolized in yout muscles, also happens after just a single training session. University of Michigan found out in a research from 2007, that any cardio workout increased storage of fat in the muscle, with ended up improving insulin sensivity. If this sensivity (also called insulin resistance) becomes low, it can lead you to get Diabetes for the rest of your life, making you need treatment every single day.

You will become more focused

Training will make your braincells go into overdrive, making you more alert and focused during your workouts, but also after the workout is done. In a research from 2012 on the mental effects of exercise, researches found out that activites with just the length of 10 minutes improved concentration and focuse in the people they tested.

Kick the stress out

Anxiety and Depression Association of America estimates that about 14 % of people turn to exercise to mitigate stress. And even though hitting the tarmac is, as an definition, a stress response where the cortisol increases and your heart rate quickens, it can throw away some of the negativity in your brain. So even then exercise on paper stresses you, it will, thanks to increased bloodflow to your brain, Endorphins, Serotin etc. that we already mentioned before, give you a mood-boosting that will take the stress out of your mind and body, leaving you with a better life.

Written by René

Read more: http://www.cyclingtipsonline.com/news/how-just-a-single-workout-will-benefit-you/

Safe Training

Being exposed to danger is part of a cyclist’s life. If it’s not the elements ,it’s the threat of a fall around the next corner or being hit by a car while obeying the rules of the road. So what can you do to minimize the risk?

 

Well you can and should always:

Wear a helmet , even if it is just for a quick ride to the corner shop , you don’t want to find out that damage occured because you were not wearing a helmet.
 

Keep your bike well maintained especially the brakes and chain system , not being able to stop when required or being able to get away when you should is something that can easily be avoided.
 

Wear bright clothes , Neon coloured clothing is the way to go as you don’t blend into the road or the horizon when wearing this and being visible to motorists is rather important.
 

Always remember which side of the road is the safe side, this rule applies to tourists especially.
 

While on a training ride it is safer to find cover and wait out the storm than to brave the weather. Lightning strikes and not being seen by motorists is a real danger here.
 

If you are out on a group ride , ride single file instead of an echelon formation, it gives cars the ability to pass without you running the risk of being clipped by a mirror or worse.
 

Make your intensions clear by using hand signals if you are about to turn.
 

Keep your ears open , no headphones while you are cycling on the road so you can hear oncoming traffic.
 

Avoid cycling at night but if you have to make sure that you are visible and if possible stick to well lit areas.

 

The cardinal rule is use common sense, but stay safe out there.

 

Written by Janneman

Read more: http://www.cyclingtipsonline.com/news/training-safely/

Cygolite Metro 500 Test

I was never a fan of those big front lights. They looked big, heavy, and I thought the reason they were so bright was because they were alkaline battery powered. I never but battery powered lights, since they aren't USB rechargeable, and don't last as long. 

That was until I discovered the Cygolite Metro 500: 

It sure looked like it could knock someone unconscious. However, I did see that it was rechargeable. Assuming it had the same brightness as the alkaline battery operated lights, it should be somewhat useful. It was better than useful. It was perfect. 

Before I started using the Metro 500, I used the compact lights. Lightweight, and bright enough to see where you're riding most of the time, these lights had one major issue. The rubber straps could break easily. That's were the Metro 500 comes into it. My front light could no longer attach to my handlebars, and I was riding blind. I wanted something stronger, something like a clamp. But I thought it would be heavy. It was worth the gamble, and boy was I mistaken. Weighing in at 110g, this light will barely make you realise it's there. The clamp is a little bit difficult to attach around the cables, but once it's there, it's not going anywhere. Cygolite includes non-slip padding with the mounts, however these didn't fit around my handle bar with the clamp, and quite frankly weren't needed. Once the screw was attached, and the clamp was on, the light wasn't going anywhere. The only way the light has ever moved unusually for me, is the screw holding the swivel plate attachment coming loose. Nothing a screwdriver can't fix.

Moving onto the light, it is USB rechargeable, and will last anywhere from 1.5 hours, right through to 30 hours. The only reason why you would use the brightest setting, as Cygolite claims is possible, is for daylight riding. Yes, a light designed to make you move visible in the daylight. As this it is not a requirement, I use it on SteadyPulse setting when riding at night, which gives the brightness of a fixed beam of light, and the obscurity of a flashing light. Cars will not miss the brightness, and the light wont blend into the scenery by staying on. 
The design of the light itself is very nifty. It has side illumination points, to increase the angle of the light, as well as custom optics which further maximise the beam angle, and distance. The shape is streamlined, and rather inconspicuous. Next to a Garmin, or other cycling computer, you will hardly be able to notice it. 
 

The other features that I love about this light, are the Li-Ion battery, allowing extra run time by being rechargeable. Unlike other lights that use the Li-Ion battery for recharging, Cygolite have managed to up the brightness, even on such a battery. This is mostly due to the Cree XM-L LED, which allow 1040lm at 10W. These LED's are getting stronger and stronger. I also love the on/off button. It is large, and actually works unlike others that I have tried. It can easily be turned on by a gentle touch. As a matter of fact, press it too hard like other lights, and it will have already started its cycle through the functions. As for the functions, if you press and hold the light, it turns off. Most other lights automatically turn back onto the first function, however the Metro 500 remembers your last used function. 

Verdict
In summary, standard assembly is a little tricky; the light is very bright, but not over weighted; the battery is rechargeable; and the on/off button is very easy to use. Ticks all my boxes.

My rating: 9.5/10 

Written by Kieren Barnett

Read more: http://www.cyclingtipsonline.com/news/cygolite-metro-500-review/

Hands Become Feelingless When Riding The Bike?

Everybody knows the feeling of their hands beginning to tickle and even get feelingless, when they are riding both small and longer distances. An annoying problem can make a great training end up being a dreadful training. The problem that makes it occur is that the Ulnar nerve is getting compressed when having your hands on the handlebars. No matter if you are in the drops, hoods, or tops of the handlebars, you will end up getting this very annoying feeling at some time, and 9 out of 10 reading this, have already experienced it before. There are a few ways to make this disappear though, and we have collected them below.

Wrong angle of your saddle is a pain in the.. hands

Try looking on your saddle angle. As we already stated in the article of how to prevent damage and pain, if the saddle is pointing too much down, you will make a greater part of your bodyweight rely on your hands and handlebars, instead of your saddle. Many who are experiencing this problem, can actually get it fixed by this simple adjustment.

Gloves is the answer

However, if your saddle will kill your groin by pointing more upwards, try getting a pair of cycling gloves with gel pads. If you take a look on the picture below (Borrowed from the University of Wisconsin-Madison), you can see the red and yellow areas. These areas are where the problem starts, and as you can see, by fitting a pair of cycling gloves, you can make this area more or less disappear.

The gel pads in the gloves simply makes the pressure even out on a larger area, making the Ulnar nerve less compressed. This is usually the best way to prevent the damage from happening, but if the saddle angle is pointing too much down, you will just face problems with your shoulders still. Therefore, I will recommend adjusting the angle of your saddle first.

We have already tested the Sportful Bodyfit Pro racing gloves, which we loved. You can read about them by clicking here.

Keep shifting

Usually, the two fixes above should be enough, but if that does not help with the problem, there is another reason why this problem occur is. A potential problem is that you are probably placing your hands in the same position for half an hour without actually noticing it. For example if you have 20 kilometers of headwind, you are having your hands in the drops, and this will give you quite some time without shifting the placement of your hands. That makes the Ulnar nerve getting pinched for a long time, and therefore this problem can occur. So to cure this, try shifting from the hoods to the drops and the tops and back again, every 5^th minute or so. It will actually make quite some difference.

Do you have any other treatments for this problem? Please write about it in the comment section below.

Written by René

Read more: http://www.cyclingtipsonline.com/news/losing-the-feeling-in-the-hands-when-riding-the-bike-/